RESUMO
Genetically modified plants are one of the tactics used in integrated pest management - IPM. There is great concern about the impact of these plants on non-target organisms. On the other hand, there is little information in the literature on the effects of transgenics (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt on populations of phytophagous mites, and the physiological responses that this attack promotes on plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology of the T. ludeni mite in Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins. To evaluate the behavior of food and oviposition preference of the T. ludeni with Bt cotton and isohybrid. Verify if the physiological stress caused by T. ludeni's attack is differentiated in Bt cotton. The mites were reared in Bt cotton and isohybrid, in a total of 40 replicates in the completely randomized design and the biological cycle was evaluated. The food preference and oviposition analysis were done with 10 replicates, with choice. The physiological stress was evaluated through chlorophyll fluorescence, under greenhouse conditions. The data of the T. ludeni biology were analyzed by Student's t-test, for food and oviposition preference the chi-square test was performed. Regression models were fitted for the fluorescence parameters. The model identity test was used to evaluate the differences between Bt and isohybrid treatments. Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins have not affected the biology of T. ludeni. The photosynthetic parameters in Bt cotton plants were less influenced by T. ludeni infestation.
Assuntos
Tetranychidae , Animais , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Endotoxinas , Feminino , Gossypium/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Humanos , Larva , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Estresse Fisiológico , Tetranychidae/genéticaRESUMO
Genetically modified plants are one of the tactics used in integrated pest management - IPM. There is great concern about the impact of these plants on non-target organisms. On the other hand, there is little information in the literature on the effects of transgenics (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt on populations of phytophagous mites, and the physiological responses that this attack promotes on plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology of the T. ludeni mite in Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins. To evaluate the behavior of food and oviposition preference of the T. ludeni with Bt cotton and isohybrid. Verify if the physiological stress caused by T. ludeni's attack is differentiated in Bt cotton. The mites were reared in Bt cotton and isohybrid, in a total of 40 replicates in the completely randomized design and the biological cycle was evaluated. The food preference and oviposition analysis were done with 10 replicates, with choice. The physiological stress was evaluated through chlorophyll fluorescence, under greenhouse conditions. The data of the T. ludeni biology were analyzed by Student's t-test, for food and oviposition preference the chi-square test was performed. Regression models were fitted for the fluorescence parameters. The model identity test was used to evaluate the differences between Bt and isohybrid treatments. Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins have not affected the biology of T. ludeni. The photosynthetic parameters in Bt cotton plants were less influenced by T. ludeni infestation.
O uso de plantas geneticamente modificadas é uma das táticas utilizadas no manejo integrado de pragas - MIP. Observa-se grande preocupação com o impacto dessas plantas sobre organismos não alvos. Por outro lado, existe pouca informação na literatura sobre efeitos dos transgênicos (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt em populações de ácaros fitófagos, e as respostas fisiológicas que esse ataque promove nas plantas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a biologia do ácaro T. ludeni em algodoeiro Bt, expressando as proteínas Cry1F e Cry1Ac. Avaliar se há comportamento de preferência alimentar e postura de T. ludeni em relação ao algodoeiro Bt e seu iso-híbrido. E verificar se o estresse fisiológico causado pelo ataque de T. ludeni é diferenciado em algodoeiro Bt. Os ácaros foram criados em algodoeiro Bt e iso-híbrido, em um total de 40 repetições no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde foi avaliado o ciclo biológico. A análise de preferência alimentar e de posturas foi feita com 10 repetições, com escolha. O estresse fisiológico foi avaliando através da fluorescência da clorofila, em casa de vegetação. Os dados da biologia de T. ludeni foram analisados pelo teste t Student, para preferência alimentar e postura foi realizado o teste qui-quadrado. Para os parâmetros da fluorescência, foram ajustados modelos de regressão. Para testar as diferenças entre Bt e iso-híbrido foi utilizado o teste de identidade de modelos. As proteínas Cry1F e Cry1Ac não afetaram a biologia de T. ludeni. Os parâmetros fotossintéticos em plantas de algodoeiro Bt foram menos influenciados pela infestação de T. ludeni.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Tetranychidae/genética , Estresse Fisiológico , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Gossypium/genética , Endotoxinas , Toxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , LarvaRESUMO
Abstract Genetically modified plants are one of the tactics used in integrated pest management - IPM. There is great concern about the impact of these plants on non-target organisms. On the other hand, there is little information in the literature on the effects of transgenics (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt on populations of phytophagous mites, and the physiological responses that this attack promotes on plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the biology of the T. ludeni mite in Bt cotton, expressing the Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins. To evaluate the behavior of food and oviposition preference of the T. ludeni with Bt cotton and isohybrid. Verify if the physiological stress caused by T. ludenis attack is differentiated in Bt cotton. The mites were reared in Bt cotton and isohybrid, in a total of 40 replicates in the completely randomized design and the biological cycle was evaluated. The food preference and oviposition analysis were done with 10 replicates, with choice. The physiological stress was evaluated through chlorophyll fluorescence, under greenhouse conditions. The data of the T. ludeni biology were analyzed by Student's t-test, for food and oviposition preference the chi-square test was performed. Regression models were fitted for the fluorescence parameters. The model identity test was used to evaluate the differences between Bt and isohybrid treatments. Cry1F and Cry1Ac proteins have not affected the biology of T. ludeni. The photosynthetic parameters in Bt cotton plants were less influenced by T. ludeni infestation.
Resumo O uso de plantas geneticamente modificadas é uma das táticas utilizadas no manejo integrado de pragas - MIP. Observa-se grande preocupação com o impacto dessas plantas sobre organismos não alvos. Por outro lado, existe pouca informação na literatura sobre efeitos dos transgênicos (Bacillus thuringiensis) Bt em populações de ácaros fitófagos, e as respostas fisiológicas que esse ataque promove nas plantas. Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a biologia do ácaro T. ludeni em algodoeiro Bt, expressando as proteínas Cry1F e Cry1Ac. Avaliar se há comportamento de preferência alimentar e postura de T. ludeni em relação ao algodoeiro Bt e seu iso-híbrido. E verificar se o estresse fisiológico causado pelo ataque de T. ludeni é diferenciado em algodoeiro Bt. Os ácaros foram criados em algodoeiro Bt e iso-híbrido, em um total de 40 repetições no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, onde foi avaliado o ciclo biológico. A análise de preferência alimentar e de posturas foi feita com 10 repetições, com escolha. O estresse fisiológico foi avaliando através da fluorescência da clorofila, em casa de vegetação. Os dados da biologia de T. ludeni foram analisados pelo teste t Student, para preferência alimentar e postura foi realizado o teste qui-quadrado. Para os parâmetros da fluorescência, foram ajustados modelos de regressão. Para testar as diferenças entre Bt e iso-híbrido foi utilizado o teste de identidade de modelos. As proteínas Cry1F e Cry1Ac não afetaram a biologia de T. ludeni. Os parâmetros fotossintéticos em plantas de algodoeiro Bt foram menos influenciados pela infestação de T. ludeni.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) at low and high frequencies to the abdomens of Swiss mice throughout pregnancy. DESIGN: Experimental animal study. SETTING: Research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty Swiss mice received TENS throughout pregnancy. They were divided into three groups (n=10): placebo, low-frequency TENS (LF group) and high-frequency TENS (HF group). INTERVENTIONS: In the placebo group, the electrodes were applied to the abdominal region without any electrical current. In the LF group, the frequency was 10 Hz, pulse duration was 200 µs and intensity started at 2 mA. In the HF group, the same parameters were applied and the frequency was 150 Hz. All stimulation protocols were applied for 20 min/day from Day 0 until Day 20. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The pregnant mice were weighed on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 to verify weekly weight gain by two-way analysis of variance. The numbers of fetuses, placentas, implantations, resorptions and major external fetal malformations on Day 20 were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the placebo and TENS groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Application of low- and high-frequency TENS to the abdomens of pregnant mice did not cause any deleterious or major teratogenic effects.
Assuntos
Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea/efeitos adversos , Estimulação Elétrica Nervosa Transcutânea/métodos , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Gravidez , Distribuição Aleatória , Aumento de PesoRESUMO
Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos, em curto e em médio prazo, de um manual de instruções sobre comportamentos observados em acompanhantes e crianças com câncer durante realização de punção venosa em ambulatório.Participaram doze cuidadoras (idade média de 24 anos) de crianças cuja maioria (n= 8) tinha diagnóstico de leucemia. A coleta consistiu emuma observação antes da aplicação do manual e duas após o manual (efeito em curto e médio prazo). Observou-se diminuição significativa na taxa do comportamento de Desviar atenção do procedimento e uma tendência ao aumento na taxa do comportamento de Demonstrar carinho.Discute-se a efetividade do uso de manuais sobre mudanças comportamentais na área da saúde (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Cuidadores/psicologia , Cuidado da Criança/psicologia , Neoplasias/psicologiaRESUMO
Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar os efeitos, em curto e em médio prazo, de um manual de instruções sobre comportamentos observados em acompanhantes e crianças com câncer durante realização de punção venosa em ambulatório.Participaram doze cuidadoras (idade média de 24 anos) de crianças cuja maioria (n= 8) tinha diagnóstico de leucemia. A coleta consistiu emuma observação antes da aplicação do manual e duas após o manual (efeito em curto e médio prazo). Observou-se diminuição significativa na taxa do comportamento de Desviar atenção do procedimento e uma tendência ao aumento na taxa do comportamento de Demonstrar carinho.Discute-se a efetividade do uso de manuais sobre mudanças comportamentais na área da saúde
The aim of this study was to assess the short and mid-term effects of an instruction manual on the observable behaviors of caregivers of children with cancer during venipuncture in an outpatient setting. Twelve caregivers (mean age of 24 years old) participated while most children (n = 8) had been diagnosed with leukemia. Data collection consisted in one observation before, and two others after the manual presentation (short and mid - term effect). A significant decrease was observed in the rate of behavior of attention distraction from the procedure, and a tendency to an increase in showing love and affection. We discuss the effectiveness of the use of manuals on behavior changes in the are of health
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adulto , Cuidado da Criança/psicologia , Cuidadores/psicologia , Neoplasias/psicologiaRESUMO
Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a fruit of great importance worldwide. Its propagation is carried out with stem cuttings, a procedure that favors the occurrence of synonymy among specimens. Thus, molecular markers have become an important tool for studies of DNA fingerprinting, germplasm characterization, and genetic diversity evaluation in this plant species. The aim of this study was the analysis of genetic diversity among accessions of fig and the detection of synonyms among samples using molecular markers. Five microsatellite markers previously reported as polymorphic to fig were used to characterize 11 fig cultivars maintained in the germplasm bank located in Lavras, Minas Gerais. A total of 21 polymorphic DNA fragments were amplified, with an average of 4.2 alleles per locus. The average allelic diversity and polymorphic information content were 0.6300 and 0.5644, respectively, whereas the total value for the probability of identity was 1.45 x 10(-4). The study allowed the identification of 10 genotypes and 2 synonymous individuals. The principal coordinate analysis showed no defined clusters despite the formation of groups according to geographical origin. However, neighbor-joining analysis identified the same case of synonymy detected using principal coordinate analysis. The data also indicated that the fig cultivars analyzed constitute a population of individuals with high genetic diversity and a broad range of genetic variation.
Assuntos
Ficus/genética , Variação Genética , Repetições de Microssatélites , Alelos , Evolução Molecular , Ficus/classificação , Genótipo , Motivos de Nucleotídeos , Filogenia , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
In this work, spatial and temporal variations in the diversity (species richness and Simpson's Diversity Index) and abundance (indexed by the capture per unit effort--CPUE; total and for reproductive groups) of fish from three rivers (Baía, Ivinheima and Paraná) located in a floodplain of the Upper Paraná River basin were analyzed over a period of 20 years (1987-2007). In addition, we evaluated the relationships of these ecological attributes with variations in the hydrologic regime, considering the possible effects of natural (climatic events) and artificial (discharge control by dams) disturbances. Annual variations in hydrometric attributes were calculated using PULSO software and daily water level data. We applied analysis of covariance to determine the relationships between ecological and hydrometric attributes, the latter summarized in axes of a principal component analysis. Lower values of the fish assemblage attributes (diversity and abundance) were registered in the Paraná River. Species richness, total CPUE and CPUE of long-distance migratory species were positively related to the duration of the floods and the connectivity of the area. Variations in the annual hydrological cycle and their effects on fish assemblage appear to be affected by extreme natural (ENSO) and artificial (discharge control by dams) events.
Assuntos
Biodiversidade , Peixes/classificação , Rios , Estações do Ano , Movimentos da Água , Animais , Brasil , Conceitos Meteorológicos , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
In this work, spatial and temporal variations in the diversity (species richness and Simpson's Diversity Index) and abundance (indexed by the capture per unit effort - CPUE; total and for reproductive groups) of fish from three rivers (Baía, Ivinheima and Paraná) located in a floodplain of the Upper Paraná River basin were analyzed over a period of 20 years (1987-2007). In addition, we evaluated the relationships of these ecological attributes with variations in the hydrologic regime, considering the possible effects of natural (climatic events) and artificial (discharge control by dams) disturbances. Annual variations in hydrometric attributes were calculated using PULSO software and daily water level data. We applied analysis of covariance to determine the relationships between ecological and hydrometric attributes, the latter summarized in axes of a principal component analysis. Lower values of the fish assemblage attributes (diversity and abundance) were registered in the Paraná River. Species richness, total CPUE and CPUE of long-distance migratory species were positively related to the duration of the floods and the connectivity of the area. Variations in the annual hydrological cycle and their effects on fish assemblage appear to be affected by extreme natural (ENSO) and artificial (discharge control by dams) events.
Nesse trabalho foi avaliada a variação espaço-temporal na diversidade (riqueza de espécies e Índice de Diversidade de Simpson) e abundância (indexada pela captura por unidade de esforço - CPUE; total e por grupo reprodutivo) de espécies de peixes de três rios (Baía, Ivinheima e Paraná), localizados na planície de inundação do Alto Rio Paraná, ao longo de 20 anos (1987-2007). Ainda, avaliamos as relações desses atributos ecológicos (diversidade e abundância) à variação anual do regime hidrológico, considerando a influência de distúrbios naturais (eventos climáticos) e artificiais (regulação hidrológica por barragens). Para representar a variação anual do regime hidrológico de cada rio, foram utilizados os atributos hidrométricos calculados pelo programa PULSO, a partir de medidas do nível hidrométrico diário. Análise de covariância foi aplicada para avaliar a relação entre os atributos ecológicos das assembléias de peixes e a variação no regime hidrológico, esta sumarizada em eixos de uma análise de componentes principais. A riqueza de espécies, a CPUE total e a de migradores de longa distância foram relacionadas positivamente à duração das cheias e conectividade, sendo que o Rio Paraná apresentou os menores valores médios desses atributos. Dessa forma, as variações constatadas no ciclo hidrológico anual e seus reflexos sobre a estrutura das assembléias de peixes do rio Paraná parecem decorrer do efeito combinado de eventos naturais (El Niño - ENSO) e artificiais (controle da vazão pelas barragens).
Assuntos
Animais , Biodiversidade , Peixes/classificação , Rios , Estações do Ano , Movimentos da Água , Brasil , Conceitos Meteorológicos , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica PopulacionalRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of a treatment composed of muscle stretching exercises, associated or not to laser therapy at tender points, for patients with fibromyalgia (FM), in view of bettering their quality of life. METHODS: Twenty FM patients were randomly assigned to two groups: one submitted to laser therapy and stretching (LSG, n=10), and the other only to stretching exercises (SG, n=10). The visual analog scale of pain (VAS) and dolorimetry at tender points were used to assess pain; life quality was evaluated by means of the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). RESULTS: After the treatment program, both in LSG and SG were detected pain reduction, higher pain threshold at tender points (all p<0.01), lower mean FIQ scores, and higher SF-36 mean scores (all p<0.05). No significant differences were found between both groups. CONCLUSION: The stretching exercises program proposed is efficient to reduce pain and painful sensibility at tender points, thus enhancing patients' quality of life. Laser therapy has not shown advantages when added to muscle stretching exercises.
Assuntos
Fibromialgia/radioterapia , Terapia com Luz de Baixa Intensidade , Exercícios de Alongamento Muscular/métodos , Dor/radioterapia , Adulto , Feminino , Fibromialgia/fisiopatologia , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos da radiação , Dor/fisiopatologia , Medição da Dor , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
The most typical symptom of fibromyalgia (FM) is diffuse pain, and pain at specific points-tender points-is crucial for its diagnosis. By comparing healthy individuals and FM patients, this study was aimed at assessing pain and quality of life of Brazilian females with FM, while seeking for a correlation between pain threshold and quality of life. A total of 178 women were evaluated: 124 were FM patients and 54 were healthy women. Pain threshold at tender points was quantified by dolorimetry, and diffuse pain by means of the visual analogue scale (VAS); the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) was used to evaluate quality of life. Statistical treatment of the data allowed for proposing two indexes: a pain threshold index (PT) and a quality of life one (QOL). PT is the lowest value among all pain thresholds measured at the 18 tender points; QOL is the mean of responses to the FIQ and VAS. Both indexes were tested and showed significant differences between the test and control groups. By pairing pain threshold values of each tender point in the test and control groups, it was found that the most sensitive points matched between the two groups, that is, the most sensitive anatomic spots in a healthy individual are also likely to be the most sensitive points in a person with FM. This suggests that a stimulus that provokes slight discomfort to a healthy person may produce more pain in FM patients--which may bear implications for FM clinical treatment. In this sample of Brazilian women, FM patients had both lower pain threshold and worse quality of life than healthy women.
Assuntos
Fibromialgia , Medição da Dor , Limiar da Dor/fisiologia , Qualidade de Vida , Adulto , Feminino , Fibromialgia/diagnóstico , Fibromialgia/psicologia , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Fibromialgia (FM) é uma síndrome reumática caracterizada por dor musculoesquelética cr6onica e difusa assim como baixo limiar de dor em pontos anatômicos específicos chamados tender points
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Exercício Físico , Fibromialgia/reabilitação , Dor , Qualidade de VidaRESUMO
The study consists of a bibliographical review about the mother and son attachment and its considerations in nursing care intervention, in the child's hospitalization process. In deciding to study this theme we had the purpose to obtain knowledge that would be useful in daily pediatric and neonatal nursing practice. We evidenced the importance of knowledge dissemination about the attachment among the nursing professionals, because their performance can interfere in a significant way in the hospitalized child's social and emotional development. However, in spite of the importance of the theme, few scientific studies in the nursing area were published. For our theoretical knowledge we searched another knowledge areas as psychology, sociology and anthropology.
Assuntos
Criança Hospitalizada/psicologia , Relações Mãe-Filho , Enfermagem Neonatal , Núcleo Familiar/psicologia , Apego ao Objeto , Enfermagem Pediátrica , Adulto , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Medicina Baseada em Evidências , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Conhecimento , Masculino , Pesquisa em Enfermagem , Psicologia da CriançaRESUMO
A high proportion of tumors arise due to mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein. A p53 hotspot mutation at amino acid position 273 from R to H, flanking a peptide epitope that spans residues 264-272, renders cells resistant to killing by human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for this epitope. Acquisition of the R to H mutation at residue 273 of the human p53 protein promotes tumor growth in vivo by selective escape from recognition by p53.264-272 peptide-specific CTLs. Synthetic 27-mer p53 polypeptides covering the antigenic nonamer region 264-272 of p53 were used as proteasome substrates to investigate whether the R to H mutation at the P1' position of the COOH terminus of the epitope affects proteasome-mediated processing of the protein. Analysis of the generated products by tandem mass spectrometry and the kinetics of polypeptide processing in conjunction with CTL assays demonstrate that the R to H mutation alters proteasomal processing of the p53 protein by inhibiting proteolytic cleavage between residues 272 and 273. This prevents the release of the natural CTL epitope that spans flanking residues 264-272 as well as a putative precursor peptide. These results demonstrate that mutation of p53 not only leads to malignant transformation but may also, in some instances, affect immune surveillance and should be considered in the design of cancer vaccines.
Assuntos
Citotoxicidade Imunológica/genética , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Mutação Puntual/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Apresentação de Antígeno/genética , Arginina/genética , Sítios de Ligação/genética , Sítios de Ligação/imunologia , Divisão Celular/genética , Divisão Celular/imunologia , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Testes Imunológicos de Citotoxicidade , Antígenos HLA-A/imunologia , Antígenos HLA-A/metabolismo , Histidina/genética , Humanos , Hidrólise , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Complexos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/genética , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/imunologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Peptídeos/síntese química , Peptídeos/imunologia , Peptídeos/metabolismo , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma , Especificidade por Substrato/genética , Especificidade por Substrato/imunologia , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
One of the most feared complications in the removal of moderate-sized or large sessile polyps is colonic perforation. Complete colonoscopic total excision of these kinds of polyps can be safely undertaken using laparoscopic assistance, which enables prompt diagnosis and treatment of perforation. Laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic polyp excision can be safely performed, avoiding critical septic complications and can also help in the selection of patients to appropriate colonic resection without increasing morbidity or mortality.
Assuntos
Pólipos do Colo/cirurgia , Colonoscopia , Laparoscopia , Colo/lesões , Humanos , Complicações Intraoperatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Intraoperatórias/cirurgiaRESUMO
Twelve patients with benign and malignant esophageal diseases were treated by transhiatal esophagectomy, without thoracotomy, using abdominal-mediastinal dissection conducted by videolaparoscopy. A cervical approach was used to retrieve the esophagus and to perform the esophagogastric anastomosis. The procedure was indicated in patients with advanced achalasia of the esophagus, severe reflux stenosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Three pleural perforations occurred during surgery. Blood loss was minimal. One patient required conversion to open surgery, two patients were submitted to chest drainage, and three had transitory dysphonia. One patient had an anastomotic leak with subsequent stenosis requiring endoscopic dilatation. No mortality occurred in this small series.
